Immune Checkpoints Research Solutions

Immune checkpoints regulate the critical balance between immune activation and immune tolerance. Targeting these molecules has emerged as a major therapeutic strategy — amplifying anti-tumor immunity for cancer treatment, and modulating aberrant immune responses for autoimmune disease management.
As immune checkpoint research continues to advance, the R&D focus has expanded beyond the well-established CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1 pathways to novel co-inhibitory molecules including LAG-3, TIGIT, VISTA, and B7-H3; while co-stimulatory targets such as OX40, GITR, 4-1BB, and CD40 are also advancing steadily. Current R&D priorities include bispecific/multispecific antibodies, combination therapies, validation of emerging targets, and mitigation of immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Recommended Reading: Immune Checkpoint Bispecific Antibody Targets

As a global brand in protein technologies, products, and services dedicated to the full biologics development workflow, ACROBiosystems has developed over 500 immune checkpoint-related products covering the full pipeline, including high-activity target proteins, inhibitor screening kits, functional cell lines, and PK assay kits. These products comprehensively support the full process from emerging target validation, antibody screening and characterization, production QC to preclinical/clinical research, helping pharmaceutical and academic teams accelerate immune checkpoint antibody drug development and clinical translation.
Immune Checkpoint Bispecific Antibody Targets

Featured Products

Functional Cell Lines
Inhibitor Screening Kits
Pharmacokinetics (PK) Assay Kits
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Product Features and Applications

  • Target Proteins
  • Functional Cell Lines
  • Inhibitor Screening Kits
  • PK Assay Kits

Target Proteins

Product Features
High purity verified by MALS & SEC-HPLC
High bioactivity verified by ELISA/SPR/FACS, etc.
High batch-to-batch consistency ensured through stringent quality control
Applications
Antibody binding assay / Antibody affinity characterization / Neutralizing antibody evaluation / Cell-based assay / PK analysis

Functional Cell Lines

Product Features
Genetically modified cell lines best reflect MOA (Mechanism of Action)
Fully traceable documentation, stringent quality control and validated cell passage stability
Comprehensive application data to support assay development and validation
Commercially licensed parental cell lines with global licensing support
Higher activity and larger assay window for robust and reproducible cell-based bioassay
Overexpression cell line activity validated by FACS
Applications
Overexpression Cell Lines: Suitable for target validation, antibody binding studies, cell-based bioassays and neutralizing antibody screening.
Reporter Cell Lines: Suitable for mechanism-of-action studies, neutralizing antibody screening and reporter-based functional bioassays.

Inhibitor Screening Kits

Product Features
Two Assay Platforms: Competitive ELISA & TR-FRET
TR-FRET: Wash-free high-throughput workflow (500 tests per kit), comprehensive validation data, high sensitivity
ELISA: High accuracy and robustness, superior reproducibility, rapid universal 96-well assay, minimal matrix interference
Applications
Suitable for antibody screening, cross-species reactivity assessment, functional activity evaluation, QC.

PK Assay Kits

Product Features
Low background
Fast & universal
High inter-batch consistency
High stability
Applications
Ideal for PK studies to quantify therapeutic antibody concentrations in preclinical and clinical serum or plasma samples.

Validation Data

MALS-Verified Native Molecular Weight & Oligomeric State

MALS-Verified OX40 Ligand Trimer Structure
MALS-Verified OX40 Ligand Trimer Structure

The purity of Human OX40 Ligand Protein, His Tag (Cat. No. OXL-H52Q8) is more than 95% and the molecular weight of this protein is around 60-80 kDa verified by SEC-MALS.

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MALS-Verified CTLA-4 Dimer Structure
MALS-Verified CTLA-4 Dimer Structure

The purity of Human CTLA-4, His Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H52H9) is more than 90% and the molecular weight of this protein is around 45-60 kDa verified by SEC-MALS.

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Binding Assay

Biochemical Validation
Biochemical Validation

Immobilized Human PD-1, His Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H5221) at 5 μg/mL, add increasing concentrations of Cadonilimab (PD-1 x CTLA-4 bispecific antibody) and then add Biotinylated Human CTLA-4, Fc,Avitag (Cat. No. CT4-H82F3) at 0.2 μg/mL. Detection was performed using HRP-conjugated Streptavidin (Acro, Cat. No. STN-NH913) with sensitivity of 2.99 ng/mL (Routinely tested).

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Biochemical Validation

Immobilized Human VEGF165, His Tag (Cat. No. VE5-H5248) at 2 μg/mL, add increasing concentrations of Ivonescimab and then add Biotinylated Human PD-1 Protein, Avitag,His Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H82E4) at 2 μg/mL. Detection was performed using HRP-conjugated Streptavidin (Acro, Cat. No. STN-NH913) with sensitivity of 2.17 ng/mL (Routinely tested).

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Biochemical Validation

Anti-BAFFR Antibody, Human IgG1 immobilized on CM5 Chip can bind Human BAFFR Protein, Fc Tag (Cat. No. BAR-H5253) with an affinity constant of 9.66 nM as determined in a SPR assay (Biacore 8K) (Routinely tested).

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Cell-Based Validation
Biotinylated Human CELL_BASE

Immobilized cell surface PD-1 (5x104 of cells per well) can bind Biotinylated Human PD-L1, Fc,Avitag, His Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H82F3) with an EC50 of 0.082 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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PD-L1 CELL

Immobilized cell surface PD-1 (5x104 of cells per well) can bind Human PD-L1, Fc Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H5258) with an EC50 of 0.029 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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Blocking Assay

Biochemical Validation
Biochemical Validation

Serial dilutions of Ipilimumab were added into Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5255): Biotinylated Human B7-1 Protein, Fc,Avitag, premium grade (Cat. No. B71-H82F3) binding reactions. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is 0.34215 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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Biochemical Validation

Serial dilutions of Nivolumab were added into Human PD-L1 Protein, Mouse IgG1 Fc Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H52A3): Biotinylated Human PD-1, Fc, Avitag, His Tag (Cat. No. PD1-H82F2) binding reactions. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is 0.38426 μg/mL (QC tested).

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Cell-Based Validation
Cell-Based Validation

FACS analysis shows that the binding of Human B7-1, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag (Cat. No. B71-H52A4) to 293 overexpressing CTLA-4 was inhibited by increasing concentration of neutralizing Anti-human CTLA-4 antibody. The concentration of Human B7-1 is 1 μg /mL. The IC50 is 5.5 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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Cell-Based Validation

FACS analysis shows that the binding of Human PD-L2, Mouse IgG1 Fc Tag (Cat. No. PD2-H52A5) to 293 overexpressing PD-1 was inhibited by increasing concentration of neutralizing Anti-PD-1 antibody. The concentration of PD-L2 used is 0.1 μg/mL. The IC50 is 1.3 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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Biochemical Neutralizing Antibody Screening

TR-FRET
Neutralizing Antibody Screening - TR-FRET

The Human PD-1 / PD-L1 Inhibitor Screening Kit (TR-FRET)(Cat. No. FRT-P019)is suitable for the detection of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors. It shows that both Atezolizumab, Nofazinlima b and Pembrolizumab exhibit good inhibitory activity in this TR-FRET competition assay.

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ELISA
Neutralizing Antibody Screening - ELISA

Inhibition of PD-1-PD-l1 binding by anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody (catalog # EP-101-c03) measured using the PD-1 [biotinylated] : pd-l1 inhibitor screening ELISA assay pair (catalog # EP-101). Anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody was diluted from 10 μg/mL to 0.078 μg/ mL (69.628 nM to 0.544 nM) and loaded onto the plate coated by human PD-L1 in the presence of human PD-1-Biotin. Assay was performed according to the protocol in PD-1[Biotinylated]: PD-L1 Inhibitor Screening ELISA Assay Pair. Background was subtracted from data points prior to log transformation and curve fitting (QC tested).

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Cell-Based Neutralizing Antibody Screening

Using Premixed PE-Conjugated Proteins
Using Premixed PE-Conjugated Proteins

FACS analysis shows that the binding of PE-Labeled Human SIRP alpha, Fc Tag (Cat. No. SIA-HP252) to Jurkat cells overexpressing CD47 was inhibited by increasing concentration of neutralizing anti-human CD47 antibody. The IC50 is 0.37 μg/mL (QC tested).

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Using Overexpression Cell Lines
Using Overexpression Cell Lines

FACS analysis shows that the binding of Human PD-L1, Mouse IgG1 Fc Tag, low endotoxin (HPLC-verified) (Cat. No. PD1-H52A3) to HEK293/Human PD-1, GFP Tag Stable Cell Line (Cat. No. CHEK-ATP001) was inhibited by increasing concentration of neutralizing Anti-PD-1 antibody. The concentration of PD-L1 used is 1 μg/mL. The IC50 is 0.145 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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Using Reporter Cell Lines
Using Reporter Cell Lines

Analysis of the synergistic effect for anti-human PD-1 and anti-human LAG-3 antibody (RLU). This reporter cell (Cat. No. SCJUR-STF063)was co-incubated with serial dilutions of anti-human PD-1 plus anti-human LAG-3 antibody in the presence of target cells expressing human PD-L1 and MHCⅡ. The EC50 was approximately 0.58 μg/mL.

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Cell-Based Functional Validation
Cell-Based Functional Validation

Human 4-1BB Ligand (71-254) Protein, His,Flag Tag (Cat. No. 41L-H52D4) induce IL-8 secretion in HT1080 human CD137 cell line. The EC50 for this effect is 0.20-0.44 μg/mL (Routinely tested).

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PK Analysis
PK Analysis

Immobilized Human CTLA-4, His Tag, active dimer (Cat. No. CT4-H52H9) at 2 μg/mL, add increasing concentrations of CTLA-4 x OX40 Bispecific Antibody in 50% Human serum and then add Biotinylated Human OX40, Avitag,His Tag (Cat. No. TN4-H82E4) at 1 μg/mL. Detection was performed using HRP-conjugated streptavidin with sensitivity of 4 ng/mL (Intact assay, Routinely tested).

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Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis

(Cat. No. EPM-V1)Quantitative Analysis Five Different Therapeutic Anti-PD-1 Antibody in Mouse Serum Samples. Serial dilutions of the Therapeutic Anti-PD-1 Antibody (1:2 serial dilutions, from 20 μg/mL to 0.039 μg/mL) was added into PD-1: Biotinylated Anti-PD-1 Antibody binding reactions.

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Resource download

  • Supporting Immunotherapy Research from Target Discovery to Bioanalytical Studies
  • Target Proteins List
  • Featured Products
  • Product Features and Applications
  • Validation Data
  • Hot Pathways & Protein Families
  • Related Product Recommendations
  • Resource download
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