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Proteins for Neuroscience
Neurological disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization, over 3 billion people are affected by neurological disorders globally. Due to the complexity of the nervous system and the irreversibility of many neurological disorders, effective treatments remain limited. The rising incidence of these disorders poses a severe challenge to healthcare systems. As a result, exploring new methods for early diagnosis and advancing innovative therapies in neuroscience has become a global research priority.
As a leading manufacturer of recombinant proteins and critical reagents for the development of targeted therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics, ACROBiosystems employs an application-oriented development strategy, with a strong emphasis on product design, quality control, and solution-based support. Aneuro, a brand of ACROBiosystems dedicated to advancing neuroscience research, aims to promote and support the field by providing high-quality protein products and valuable new insights.
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Alzheimer′s disease (AD)
Alzheimer′s disease (AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central neuron system. Specific symptoms include impairments in cognitive functions such as memory and changes in behavior. Currently, there is no cure for AD with existing treatments mainly focusing on restoring the cognitive functions and slowing down the disease progression. At present, the exact mechanism of AD pathogenesis is still under debate, with existing hypotheses including the β-amyloid waterfall theory, the Tau protein theory, and the neurovascular hypothesis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1552526016000790
Schematic presentation of the APP proteolytic processes
Featured Products：APP/A beta， APOE， ACHE， BCHE， BACE-1， Clusterin， GSK-3beta， LRP-1， NPTX2， Nogo Receptor， Progranulin， Tau， TREM2， VLDL R
Parkinson disease (PD)
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged and elderly people. The typical clinical symptoms involve bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and poor posture at the late stage of the disease. PD brain shows loss of pigment and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and is associated with the emergence of Lewis bodies and the increase of glial. Consequently, an imbalance between striatum inhibitory transmitter dopamine and excitatory transmitter acetylcholine occurs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6905381/
Multiple pathways that influence the onset of PD
Featured Products： Alpha-Synuclein， ADORA2A， CNTF R alpha， DDC， DRD1， GFR alpha-like， LRRK2， MAOA， MAOB
Huntington disease (HD)
Huntington’s disease (HD), is a rare, neurodegenerative disease that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It causes progressive physiological, psychiatric and cognitive disorders. HD is caused by an abnormal expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat on the HTT gene located at chromosome 4.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940909/
Mechanism of Toxicity of Huntingtin (HTT) gene
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of both the upper and lower motor neurons. The disease causes gradual weakening and atrophy of the limbs, trunk, chest, and abdominal muscles. It affects movement, communication, swallowing, and breathing eventually leading to death. Mutations in the SOD1 gene have been found to be associated with familial ALS and is thought to be a leading genetic factor in the progression of the disease.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28468939/
ALS disease pathology and proposed disease mechanisms
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination of nerves in the central nervous system. Various studies have emphasized the role of B cells and the autoantibodies they produce in the pathogenesis of MS. Pharmaceutical companies such as Roche and Novartis have developed a variety of CD20 antibody drugs specifically targeting B cells to treat multiple sclerosis.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24740824/
The roles of immune cells in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
Neurosystem-related Neoplasms
Brain tumors can be subdivided into different tumor types, commonly including gliomas, meningiomas, gliomas, medulloblastomas, etc.
The treatment for a brain tumor will depend on many things, including the type, size and location of the tumor, as well as symptoms, general health and treatment preferences. Targeted drug therapy is one of the main treatment options for a brain tumor.
The treatment for a brain tumor will depend on many things, including the type, size and location of the tumor, as well as symptoms, general health and treatment preferences. Targeted drug therapy is one of the main treatment options for a brain tumor.
https://brainmadesimple.com/brain-tumor-cancer/
Different categories of brain tumors
Functional & Psychiatric Disorders
Functional neurological disorders include epilepsy, attention deficit and autism. These disorders have complex causes and are influenced by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Neuropsychiatric diseases include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, etc. This kind of disease used to be considered as a simple psychological disease, but more and more studies have proved that it is a kind of complex brain and nervous system diseases and found the organic and molecular pathological characteristics.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3628
Cognitive summary of functional neurological disorders
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
SMA is a progressive inferior motor neuron damage disease with high fatal, disabling, and rare characteristics. It was included in the first Batch of Rare Diseases List in 2018. The study found that mutations in the SMN1 gene encoding the motor neuron survival protein (SMN), resulting in insufficient production of SMN protein, are known to be the main cause of spinal muscular atrophy. SMN1 mutations include exon 7 and/or 8 deletion (95% +) and point mutations.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2019.00161
Pathogenesis of SMA
Multifunctional Neural Targets
In addition to targets closely associated with specific neurological disorders, there is a class of multifunctional neural targets that play essential roles in diverse processes such as neural injury response, inflammation, neuroprotection, and repair. These proteins are valuable not only for understanding fundamental mechanisms of neural function but also for supporting the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies across a broad spectrum of neurological conditions.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01507
Implications of Sortilin in immune-related processes
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References
- 1. Myasnikov, A., H. Zhu, P. Hixson, B. Xie, K. Yu, A. Pitre, J. Peng and J. Sun (2021). "Structural analysis of the full-length human LRRK2." Cell 184(13): 3519-3527 e3510.
- 2. Knopman, D. S., H. Amieva, R. C. Petersen, G. Chetelat, D. M. Holtzman, B. T. Hyman, R. A. Nixon and D. T. Jones (2021). "Alzheimer disease." Nat Rev Dis Primers 7(1): 33.
- 3. Bloem, B. R., M. S. Okun and C. Klein (2021). "Parkinson's disease." Lancet 397(10291): 2284-2303.
- 4. Tabrizi, S. J., M. D. Flower, C. A. Ross and E. J. Wild (2020). "Huntington disease: new insights into molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities." Nat Rev Neurol 16(10): 529-546.
- 5. Reich, D. S., C. F. Lucchinetti and P. A. Calabresi (2018). "Multiple Sclerosis." N Engl J Med 378(2): 169-180.
- 6. Pan, X., Z. Li, Q. Zhou, H. Shen, K. Wu, X. Huang, J. Chen, J. Zhang, X. Zhu, J. Lei, W. Xiong, H. Gong, B. Xiao and N. Yan (2018). "Structure of the human voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.4 in complex with beta1." Science 362(6412): eaau2486.
- 7. Lapointe, S., A. Perry and N. A. Butowski (2018). "Primary brain tumours in adults." Lancet 392(10145): 432-446.
- 8. Brown, R. H. and A. Al-Chalabi (2017). "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." N Engl J Med 377(2): 162-172.
- 9. Talbot, H., Saada, S., Naves, T., Gallet, P. F., Fauchais, A. L., & Jauberteau, M. O. (2019). Regulatory roles of sortilin and SorLA in immune-related processes. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 1507.
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