ENPP1

ENPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) is a membrane‑bound glycoprotein that regulates extracellular nucleotide metabolism. It hydrolyzes ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate, thereby controlling mineralization processes and signaling pathways. ENPP1 plays a critical role in bone and cartilage development, insulin signaling, and vascular calcification. Mutations in ENPP1 are linked to rare genetic disorders such as generalized arterial calcification of infancy and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets. Because of its dual involvement in skeletal biology and metabolic regulation, ENPP1 has become an important target for both diagnostic research and therapeutic development.