HLA-DRA1*0101 & HLA-DRB1*0401 & GAD65 (NFFRMVISNPAAT)

The peptide NFFRMVISNPAAT, derived from the human autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), is presented by the MHC class II molecule HLA-DRA1*01:01/HLA-DRB1*04:01. This specific peptide-MHC II complex is strongly associated with the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), particularly in individuals carrying the HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele. Recognition of this complex by autoreactive CD4⁺ T cells is a pivotal event in the autoimmune attack against pancreatic islet beta cells, making it a critical target for understanding the etiology of T1D and for developing antigen-specific immunotherapies.